Sunday, April 21, 2013

Apple keeps anonymized Siri data for up to two years for testing and improvement purposes

Apple keeps anonymized Siri data for up to two years for testing and improvement purposes

After privacy concerns were raised regarding data it gets from Siri, Apple has revealed that it keeps that data for up to two years. Apple generates a random string of numbers to associate with your voice data, rather than using your Apple ID, and any Siri data they collect from you goes under that number. Data, however, is decoupled from that number. According to Wired an Apple spokesperson explained:

Once the voice recording is six months old, Apple ?disassociates? your user number from the clip, deleting the number from the voice file. But it keeps these disassociated files for up to 18 more months for testing and product improvement purposes.

If, however, a user were to turn Siri off, any identifiers, including the data itself, is deleted. While the fact that Apple keeps Siri data for two years, whatever protections are in place, might make some wary, we should keep in mind that Siri and Apple are not unique in keeping data. We put so much of ourselves online now, and a lot of the time we don?t know where it goes. It?s up to each user to decide who to trust with their data, and how much they trust.

Source: Wired

    


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Saturday, April 20, 2013

Technique unlocks design principles of quantum biology

Apr. 19, 2013 ? University of Chicago researchers have created a synthetic compound that mimics the complex quantum dynamics observed in photosynthesis and may enable fundamentally new routes to creating solar-energy technologies. Engineering quantum effects into synthetic light-harvesting devices is not only possible, but also easier than anyone expected, the researchers report in the April 19 edition of Science.

The researchers have engineered small molecules that support long-lived quantum coherences. Coherences are the macroscopically observable behavior of quantum superpositions. Superpositions are a fundamental quantum mechanical concept, exemplified by the classic Schrodinger's Cat thought experiment, in which a single quantum particle such as an electron occupies more than one state simultaneously.

Quantum effects are generally negligible in large, hot, disordered systems. Nevertheless, the recent ultrafast spectroscopy experiments in UChicago chemistry Prof. Greg Engel's laboratory have shown that quantum superpositions may play a role in the near perfect quantum efficiency of photosynthetic light harvesting, even at physiological temperatures.

Photosynthetic antennae -- the proteins that organize chlorophylls and other light-absorbing molecules in plants and bacteria -- support superpositions that survive for anomalously long times. Many researchers have proposed that organisms have evolved a means of protecting these superpositions. The result: improved efficiency in transferring energy from absorbed sunlight to the parts of the cell that convert solar energy to chemical energy. The newly reported results demonstrate that his particular manifestation of quantum mechanics can be engineered into human-made compounds.

The researchers modified fluorescein -- the same molecule once used to dye the Chicago River green for St. Patrick's Day -- and then linked different pairs of these dyes together using a rigid bridging structure. The resulting molecules were able to recreate the important properties of chlorophyll molecules in photosynthetic systems that cause coherences to persist for tens of femtoseconds at room temperature.

"That may not sound like a very long time -- a femtosecond is a millionth of a billionth of a second," said study co-author Dugan Hayes, a UChicago graduate student in chemistry. "But the movement of excitations through these systems also occurs on this ultrafast timescale, meaning that these quantum superpositions can play an important role in energy transfer."

To detect evidence of long-lived superpositions, the researchers created a movie of energy flow in the molecules using highly engineered laboratories and state-of-the-art femtosecond laser systems. Three precisely controlled laser pulses are directed into the sample, causing it to emit an optical signal that is captured and directed into a camera.

By scanning the time delays between the arriving laser pulses, the researchers create a movie of energy flow in the system, encoded as a series two-dimensional spectra. Each two-dimensional spectrum is a single frame of the movie, and contains information about where energy resides in the system and what pathways it has followed to get there.

These movies show relaxation from high energy states toward lower energy states as time proceeds, as well as oscillating signals in very specific regions of the signal, or quantum beats. "Quantum beats are the signature of quantum coherence, arising from the interference between the different energetic states in the superposition, similar to the beating heard when two instruments that are slightly out of tune with each other try to play the same note," Hayes explained.

Computer simulations have shown that quantum coherences work in photosynthetic antennae to prevent excitations from getting trapped on their way to the reaction center, where the conversion to chemical energy begins. In one interpretation, as the excitation moves through the antenna, it remains in a superposition of all possible paths at once, making it inevitable that it proceeds down the proper path. "Until these coherences were observed in synthetic systems, it remained dubious that such a complex phenomenon could be recreated outside of nature," Hayes said.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Chicago, via Newswise.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. D. Hayes, G. B. Griffin, G. S. Engel. Engineering Coherence Among Excited States in Synthetic Heterodimer Systems. Science, 2013; DOI: 10.1126/science.1233828

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_technology/~3/oxNpfiK3x8Y/130419120954.htm

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FY 2013 Environmental Studies Program for the University of Rhode Island

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Nanoparticles found in everyday items can inhibit fat storage: Gold nanoparticles accelerate aging

Apr. 18, 2013 ? New research reveals that pure gold nanoparticles found in everyday items such as personal care products, as well as drug delivery, MRI contrast agents and solar cells can inhibit adipose (fat) storage and lead to accelerated aging and wrinkling, slowed wound healing and the onset of diabetes. The researchers, led by Tatsiana Mironava, a visiting assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering at Stony Brook University, detail their research in the journal Nanotoxicology.

Together with co-author Dr. Marcia Simon, Professor of Oral Biology and Pathology at Stony Brook University, and Director of the University's Living Skin Bank, a world-class facility that has developed skin tissue for burn victims and various wound therapies, the researchers tested the impact of nanoparticles in vitro on multiple types of cells, including adipose (fat) tissue, to determine whether their basic functions were disrupted when exposed to very low doses of nanoparticles. Subcutaneous adipose tissue acts as insulation from heat and cold, functions as a reserve of nutrients, and is found around internal organs for padding, in yellow bone marrow and in breast tissue.

They discovered that the human adipose-derived stromal cells -- a type of adult stem cells -- were penetrated by the gold nanoparticles almost instantly and that the particles accumulated in the cells with no obvious pathway for elimination. The presence of the particles disrupted multiple cell functions, such as movement; replication (cell division); and collagen contraction; processes that are essential in wound healing.

According to the researchers, the most disturbing finding was that the particles interfered with genetic regulation, RNA expression and inhibited the ability to differentiate into mature adipocytes or fat cells. "Reductions caused by gold nanoparticles can result in systemic changes to the body," said Professor Mironava. "Since they have been considered inert and essentially harmless, it was assumed that pure gold nanoparticles would also be safe. Evidence to the contrary is beginning to emerge."

This study is also the first to demonstrate the impact of nanoparticles on adult stem cells, which are the cells our body uses for continual organ regeneration. It revealed that adipose derived stromal cells involved in regeneration of multiple organs, including skin, nerve, bone, and hair, ignored appropriate cues and failed to differentiate when exposed to nanoparticles. The presence of gold nanoparticles also reduced adiponectin, a protein involved in regulating glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown, which helps to regulate metabolism.

"We have learned that careful consideration and the choice of size, concentration and the duration of the clinical application of gold nanoparticles is warranted," said Professor Mironava. "The good news is that when the nanoparticles were removed, normal functions were eventually restored."

"Nanotechnology is continuing to be at the cutting edge of science research and has opened new doors in energy and materials science," said co-author, Miriam Rafailovich, PhD, Chief Scientist of the Advanced Energy Center and Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Stony Brook. "Progress comes with social responsibility and ensuring that new technologies are environmentally sustainable. These results are very relevant to achieving these goals."

The research, funded by the National Science Foundation Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSEC) and Polymer Programs, was a collaboration of Stony Brook University and New York State Stem Cell Science (NYSTEM). The paper was also co-authored by Michael Hadjiargyrou, Professor and Chairperson, Department of Life Sciences at New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) and former Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Stony Brook.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Stony Brook University, via Newswise.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Tatsiana Mironava, Michael Hadjiargyrou, Marcia Simon, Miriam H. Rafailovich. Gold nanoparticles cellular toxicity and recovery: Adipose Derived Stromal cells. Nanotoxicology, 2013; : 1 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.769128

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_technology/~3/MCm_Q7LzuIc/130418162138.htm

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Thursday, April 18, 2013

Rats' and bats' brains work differently on the move

Apr. 18, 2013 ? A new study of brain rhythms in bats and rats challenges a widely used model -- based on studies in rodents -- of how animals navigate their environment. To get a clearer picture of the processes at work in the mammal brain during spatial navigation, neuroscientists must closely study a broad range of animals, say the two University of Maryland College Park scientists involved in the study.

In the April 19, 2013 issue of Science, the University of Maryland researchers and two colleagues at Boston University reported significant differences between rats' and bats' brain rhythms in a part of the brain used in navigation.

The researchers focused on specialized cells that process spatial information in a region called the medial entorhinal cortex, a hub of neural networks for memory and navigation. Earlier experiments showed rats' brain cells in this area fire continuously in a rhythmic electrical signal called a theta wave when the animals are navigating through space. Some models of the brain treat theta waves as a key element of spatial navigation in all mammals, but this idea is based on rodent research, Moss said.

The Boston University-University of Maryland team tested for rhythmic electrical responses at the cellular level in bat and rat brain tissue. They found evidence for theta waves in the rat cells. But in the bat cells these waves were absent, said Moss, who has studied bats since the 1980s.

"This raises questions as to whether theta rhythms are actually doing what the spatial navigation theory proposes," said a co-author, UMD biology researcher Katrina MacLeod. "To understand brains, including ours, we really must study neural activity in a variety of animals."

Humans and other mammals share many common features of brain organization, and the differences in theta waves between bats and rats raises questions about how spatial information is represented in all brains.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Maryland, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. J. G. Heys, K. M. MacLeod, C. F. Moss, M. E. Hasselmo. Bat and Rat Neurons Differ in Theta-Frequency Resonance Despite Similar Coding of Space. Science, 2013; 340 (6130): 363 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233831

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/Cxq2y9tf17E/130418142258.htm

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Google Extends Chrome Download Warnings To Include Files That Could Allow The Installation Of Malicious Extensions

chrome-+-logoChrome will soon warn users when they are about to download software that could try to change how the browser handles extensions. Specifically, this extension to the company’s Safe Browsing system looks for binaries that could allow potentially malicious extensions to be installed in the browser without the user’s knowledge. This new feature will roll out within the next few days. Last December, Google already disabled silent extension installations by default. According to today’s announcement, enabling this protection mechanism “resulted in noticeable performance improvements in Chrome and improved user experience.” The new feature builds on this and also tries to prevent malicious extensions from ever making it into your browser. Google says it will identify binaries that “violate Chrome?s standard mechanisms for deploying extensions, flagging such binaries as malware.” Most of these malicious extensions try to get around the silent installation blockers, the company says. Once they get past this, an extension can’t be uninstalled or disabled by the user. Some binaries, Google says, also try to manipulate Chrome’s preferences to allow the browser to accept silent installs again and often come bundles with a malicious extension which they then immediately try to install, too, of course. Google says its “recent measures” will detect and block these kinds of malicious extensions, but it doesn’t go into detail about how exactly it plans to do so.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/4UqAphMZmYA/

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Wednesday, April 17, 2013

The Small Victory Your Admin Account Wins You If Your Laptop's Stolen

Of course all your email accounts, social networks, cloud services and payment details are up for grabs if someone grabs your laptop while it's logged in—because, really, we're all to lazy to log-in over and over. But at least your drivers are safe! More »
    


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/pvqQIgmL2_U/the-small-victory-your-admin-account-wins-you-if-your-laptops-stolen

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